National statistics office
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DATA FOR SDG INDICATORS


The National Statistics Office (NSO) of Mongolia estimated the SDGs indicators as of 2015-2017 and alternative period using official and administrative statistics.
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  INDICATOR 2015 2016 2017
  Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere    
1 1.2.1 Proportion of population living below the national poverty line 21.6 (2014) 29.6 29.6 (2016)
Proportion of population living below the national poverty line, by sex       
Male 21.5 (2014) 29.5 29.5 (2016)
Female 21.6 (2014) 29.7 29.7 (2016)
Proportion of population living below the national poverty line, by age       
0-18  28.5 (2014) 38.1 38.1 (2016)
19-29 19.1 (2014) 26.2 26.2 (2016)
30-39 21.6 (2014) 31.9 31.9 (2016)
40-49 18.0 (2014) 24.7 24.7 (2016)
50-59 13.3 (2014) 18.0 18.0 (2016)
60< 10.0 (2014) 13.6 13.6 (2016)
2 1.3.1 (1)Proportion of population covered by social protection floors/systems, by sex, distinguishing children, unemployed persons, older persons, persons with disabilities, poor and non-poor      
Proportion of population covered by social protection floors/systems, by sex      
Male 47.8 50.4 49.7
Female 58.5 61.2 59.8
Proportion of population covered by social protection floors/systems, by distinguishing children  95.7 96.4 88.9
Proportion of population covered by social protection floors/systems, by unemployed persons 25.6 26.6 44.7 (8)
Proportion of population covered by social protection floors/systems, by older persons 96.8 97.6 97.5
Proportion of population covered by social protection floors/systems, by persons with disabilities  97.0 96.1  
Proportion of population covered by social protection floors/systems, by poor and non-poor      
Poor 60.1 62.5 -
Non-poor 51.5 53.2 -
3 1.4.2 Proportion of total adult population with secure tenure rights to land, with legally recognized documentation and who perceive their rights to land as secure 43.4 47.7 49.90
Proportion of citizens owning land 22.2 26.5 27.50
Proportion of citizens possessing land  21.2 21.2 22.40
Proportion of citizens using land 0.04 0.04 0.05
4 1.5.1 Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 population 41.3 53.1 39.0
5 1.5.2 Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to global gross domestic product (GDP) 0.5 0.3 0.4
6 1.5.3 (7)Number of countries that adopt and implement national disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, (yes-1, no-2) 1 1 1
7 1.a.2 Proportion of total government spending on essential services (education, health and social protection) 29.1 27.6 34.4
  Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture  
8 2.2.1 Prevalence of stunting (height for age <-2 standard deviation from the median of the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age 10.8 (2013)  
9 2.2.2 Prevalence of malnutrition (weight for height >+2 or <-2 standard deviation from the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age, by type (wasting and overweight) 1 (2013)  
 Wasting 1 (2013)  
Overweight 10.5 (2013)  
10 2.5.1 Number of plant and animal genetic resources for food and agriculture secured
in either medium- or long-term conservation facilities 
     
Number of plant genetic resources  20.6 21.9 22.1
Number of animal genetic resources  55.7 65.6 57.4
11 2.a.1 The agriculture orientation index for government expenditures 0.10 0.12 16.00
12 2.a.2. (2)Total official flows (official development assistance plus other official flows) to the agriculture sector, million, US dollar 7.2 19.9 3.1
13 2.c.1 Indicator of food price anomalies      
Beef price  -0.86 -0.44 -0.04
Mutton price  -0.61 -0.48 0.00
Flour price 0.52 0.45 -0.23
Rise price 0.06 0.11 -0.17
Wheat price  0.06 -0.01 -0.13
Millet price  -0.12 -0.04 -0.29
  Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages  
14 3.1.1 Maternal mortality ratio,  per 100,000 live births 26.0 48.6 26.9
15 3.1.2 Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel 99.8 97.1 95.9
16 3.2.1 Under‑5 mortality rate,  per 1000 live births 18.0 20.8 16.7
17 3.2.2 Neonatal mortality rate, per 1000 live births 15.0 16.8 13.6
18 3.3.1 Number of new HIV infections per 1000 uninfected population 0.0059 0.0084 0.0081
19 3.3.2 Tuberculosis incidence per 1000 population 1.4 1.3 1.2
20 3.3.4 Hepatitis B incidence per 100,000 population 16.0 11.9 17.0
21 3.4.1 Mortality rate attributed to cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory disease      
Mortality rate attributed to cardiovascular disease 18.5 17.4 17.5
Mortality rate attributed to cancer 13.2 13.4 13.0
Mortality rate attributed to diabetes 0.6 0.5  
Mortality rate attributed tochronic respiratory disease 0.6 0.6 2.0
22 3.4.2 Suicide mortality rate 16.0 15.0 15.0
23 3.6.1 Death rate due to road traffic injuries 18.8 15.8 17.4
24 3.7.1 Proportion of women of reproductive age (aged 15–49 years) who have their need for family planning satisfied with modern methods 48.2 (2013)  
25 3.7.2 Adolescent birth rate (aged 15–19 years) per 1000 women in that age group 37.90 33.60 31.2
26 3.9.3 Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisoning 1.6 1.7  
27 3.a.1 Age-standardized prevalence of current tobacco use among persons aged 15 years and older 27.1 (2013)  
28 3.c.1 Health worker density and distribution      
Number of doctors per 1000 people 3.2 3.3 3.4
Number of pharmacists per 1000 people 0.5 0.5 0.6
Number of nurses per 1000 people  4.1 4.1 4.0
Number of dentists and technicians per 1000 people 0.3/0 - -
29 3.d.1 International Health Regulations (IHR) capacity and health emergency preparedness 87 81  
  Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all  
30 4.2.1 Proportion of children under 5 years of age who are developmentally on track in health, learning and psychosocial well-being 76 (2013)  
31 4.2.2 Participation rate in organized learning (one year before the official primary entry age) 66.2 80.6 64.6
32 4.3.1 Participation rate of youth and adults in formal and non-formal education and training in the previous 12 months 61.5 (2013)  
33  4.5.1 Parity indices (female/male, rural/urban, bottom/top wealth quintile  and others such as disability status, indigenous peoples and conflict-affected, as data become available) for all education indicators on this list that can be disaggregated    
 Parity indices, by sex    
Female    
Primary 98.5 (2013)  
Lower secondary 95.0 (2013)  
Upper secondary 90.4 (2013)  
Male    
Primary 97.7 (2013)  
Lower secondary 90.8 (2013)  
Upper secondary 79.7 (2013)  
 Parity indices, by poor and non poor    
Poor    
Primary 96.2 (2013)  
Lower secondary 85.4 (2013)  
Upper secondary 68.8 (2013)  
Non-poor    
Primary 99.1 (2013)  
Lower secondary 98.0 (2013)  
Upper secondary 96.6 (2013)  
 Parity indices, by urban and rural area    
Urban    
Primary 98.5 (2013)  
Lower secondary 94.3 (2013)  
Upper secondary 89.4 (2013)  
Rural    
Primary 97.5 (2013)  
Lower secondary 90.7 (2013)  
Upper secondary 76.8 (2013)  
34 4.6.1 Proportion of population in 15-24 years of age  achieving at least a fixed level of literacy and  by sex     
Male 95.2 (2013)  
Female 97.5 (2013)  
35 4.a.1 (1)Proportion of schools with access to: (a) electricity; (b) the Internet for pedagogical purposes; (c) computers for pedagogical purposes; (d) adapted infrastructure and materials for students with disabilities; (e) basic drinking water; (f) single-sex basic sanitation facilities; and (g) basic handwashing facilities (as per the WASH indicator definitions)      
Proportion of schools with access to: (a) electricity;   96.6 96.6 96.6
Proportion of schools with access to:  (b) the Internet for pedagogical purposes;  67.8 68.4 68.4
Proportion of schools with access to: (c) computers for pedagogical purposes;  94.8 95.4 95.4
36 4.b.1 Volume of official development assistance flows for scholarships, thousand us.dollar 9.3 11.9  
37  4.c.1 Proportion of teachers in: (a) pre-primary; (b) primary; (c) lower secondary; and (d) upper secondary education who have received at least the minimum organized teacher training (e.g. pedagogical training) pre-service or in-service required for teaching at the relevant level in a given country      
Proportion of teachers in pre-primary 95.7 94.8 95.0
Proportion of teachers in primary 92.7 98.8 98.8
Proportion of teachers in lower secondary and upper secondary 82.4 98.1 99.2
  Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls  
38 5.1.1 (7)Whether or not legal frameworks are in place to promote, enforce and monitor equality and non‑discrimination on the basis of sex, (yes-1, no-2) 1 1 1
39 5.2.1 Proportion of ever-partnered women and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to physical, sexual or psychological violence by a current or former intimate partner in the previous 12 months, by form of violence and by age  
Sexual - -  
15-49 - - 3.6
15-64 - - 3
Sexual or physical - -  
15-49 - - 14.7
15-64 - - 12.7
Psychological - -  
15-49 - - 25.5
15-64 - - 22.4
40 5.2.2 Proportion of women and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to sexual violence by persons other than an intimate partner in the previous 12 months, by age and place of occurrence - -  
Total      
15-49 - - 3.1
15-64 - - 2.6
Urban      
15-49 - - 3.6
15-64 - - 3
Rural      
15-49 - - 1.9
15-64 - - 1.8
41 5.3.1 Proportion of women aged 20-24 years who were married or in a union age 15 and before age 18      
Proportion of women aged 20-24 years who were married or in a union age 15  0.07 (2013)  
Proportion of women aged 20-24 years who were married or in a union before age 18 5.2 (2013)  
42 5.5.1 Proportion of seats held by women in (a) national parliaments and (b) local governments 27.6 (2012) 26.5 27.2
Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments 14.5 (2012) 17.1 17.1
Proportion of seats held by women in local governments 27.7(2012) 26.7 27.3
Proportion of seats held by women in Citizens' representatives council in aimags 16.6 (2012) 16.2 16.2
Proportion of seats held by women in Citizens' representatives council in soums 28.9 (2012) 27.9 28.5
43 5.5.2 Proportion of women in managerial positions 37.8 36.7 40.0
44 5.a.2 (7)Whether or not the legal framework
 guarantees women’s equal rights to land ownership and/or control (yes-1, no-2) 
1 1 1
45 5.b.1 Proportion of individuals who own a mobile telephone 103.5 111.4 122.8
  Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all  
46 6.1.1 Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services 65.2 (2010)  
47 6.2.1 Proportion of population using safely managed sanitation services, including a hand-washing facility with soap and water 54.3 (2010)  
48 (3) 6.4.1 Change in water-use efficiency over
time, tugrug/cubic meter
- 26.11  
49 6.5.2 Proportion of transboundary basin area with an operational arrangement for water cooperation 100 100 100
50 6.b.1 Proportion of local administrative units with established and operational policies and procedures for participation of local communities in water and sanitation management 45 45 45
  Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all  
51 7.1.1 Proportion of population with access to electricity 96.7 (2010)  
52 7.2.1 (3)Renewable energy share in the total final energy consumption 16.2 16.2  
53 7.3.1 Energy intensity measured in terms of primary energy and GDP 14.7 14.7  
54 7.a.1. (2)International financial flows to developing countries in support of clean energy research and development and renewable energy production, including in hybrid systems, million, US dollar 0.2 -  
  Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all  
55 8.1.1 Annual growth rate of real GDP per capita -10.6 -11.6 -12.0
56 8.2.1 Annual growth rate of real GDP per employed person -1.2 1.5 -2.3
57 8.3.1 Proportion of informal employment in non‑agriculture employment 25.0 20.0 25.0
58 8.4.2 (3)Domestic material consumption, domestic material consumption per capita, and domestic material consumption per GDP    
Domestic material consumption, thousand.tonne 173585.0 188783.2  
Domestic material consumption per capita, tonne 56.8 60.5  
Domestic material consumption per GDP, kg/million.tugrug 7498.1 7887  
59 8.5.1 Average hourly earnings of female and male employees 3200 3100 3300
Average hourly earnings of female employees 3000 3000 3100
Average hourly earnings of male employees 3300 3300 3500
60 8.5.2 Unemployment rate 7.5 10.0 8.8
Unemployment rate, by sex      
Male 8.2 11.6 9.6
Female 6.7 8.2 7.8
Unemployment rate, by age group      
15-19 18.8 24.6 24.8
20-24 17.7 25.2 22.3
25-29 8.6 13.1 13.1
30-34 6.3 8.9 8.5
35-39 6.8 7.9 6.6
40-44 5.6 7.6 6.1
45-49 6.4 7.9 5.9
50-54 4.7 7.2 6.3
55-59 3.7 4.9 4.5
61 8.6.1 Proportion of youth (aged 15–24 years) not in education, employment or training 16.8 20.5 19.8
62 8.7.1 Proportion of children aged 5–17 years engaged in child labour 15.9 (2011)  
63 8.9.1.  Tourism direct GDP as a proportion of total GDP and in growth rate      
Tourism direct GDP as a proportion of total GDP 0.3 0.2 0.2
Tourism direct GDP as a proportion of total GDP growth rate (0.002) 0.01 0.21
64 8.10.1 (a) Number of commercial bank branches per 100,000 adults and (b) number of automated teller machines (ATMs) per 100,000 adults      
Number of commercial bank branches per 100,000 adults 67.9 68.3  
Number of automated teller machines (ATMs) per 100,000 adults 73.4 86.9  
65 8.10.2 (1)Proportion of adults (15 years and older) with an account at a bank or other financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider 103.9 126.5  
66 8.a.1 Aid for Trade commitments and disbursements 0.4    
67 8.b.1 (7)Existence of a developed and operationalized national strategy for youth employment, as a distinct strategy or as part of a national employment strategy, (yes-1, no-2) 1 1 1
  Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation  
68 9.1.2 Passenger and freight volumes, by mode of transport      
Air passengers carried, million passengers  0.6 0.7 0.8
Road passengers carried, million passengers  256.5 260.7 212.2
Railway passengers carried, million passengers  2.8 2.6 2.6
Carried freight by air, thousand tonnes 2.8 3.1 3.1
Carried freight by road, thousand tonnes 16682.2 20406.2 31212.9
Carried freight by railway, thousand tonnes 19150.8 19989.1 22765.1
69 9.2.1 Manufacturing value added as a proportion of GDP and per capita      
Manufacturing value added as a proportion of GDP  5.8 5.6 6.6
Manufacturing value added as a proportion of GDP per capita 310.2 294.5 357.6
70 9.2.2 Manufacturing employment as a proportion of total employment 7.1 7.5 7.5
71 9.3.2 Proportion of small-scale   
industries with a loan or line of credit 
104.2 76.5  
72 9.5.1 Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP 0.05 0.04 0.04
73 9.а.1. (2) Total official international support (official development assistance plus other official flows) to infrastructure 188.4 109.4 94.2
  Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries  
74 10.2.1  Proportion of people living below 50 percent of median income 26.8 25.3 26.7
75 10.3.1 (4)Proportion of population reporting having personally felt discriminated against or harassed in the previous 12 months on the basis of a ground of discrimination prohibited under international human rights law, ((Number of citizens reporting to the Secretariat of the National Human Rights Commission having felt discriminated or baised or harassed and asking legal advice from it)) - 128
(2016.11-2017.10)
 
76 10.4.1 Labour share of GDP, comprising wages and social protection transfers 27.0 27.4 28.1
77 10.b.1 Total resource flows for development, million US dollar      
Foreign loan and aid 331.6 666.7 938.4
Foreign direct investment 94.3 517.9 1494.4
  Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable  
78 11.2.1 (1)Proportion of population that has convenient access to public transport in Ulaanbaatar city 17.9 17.9  
79 11.4.1. (1)Total expenditure per capita spent on the preservation, protection and conservation of all cultural and natural heritage, thousand tugrug 52.3 163.4 201.9
80 11.5.1 Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 population 41.3 53.1 39.0
81 11.6.2 Annual mean levels of fine particulate matter (e.g. PM2.5 and PM10) in cities (population weighted)      
PM 10 0.08 0.12 0.11
PM 2.5 0.14 0.07 0.06
82 11.b.1 (7)Whether or not Mongolia adopts and implements national disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, (yes-1, no-2) 1 1 1
  Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns  
83 12.2.2 (3)Domestic material consumption, domestic material consumption per capita, and domestic material consumption per GDP   -  
Domestic material consumption, thousand.tonne 173585.0 188783.2  
Domestic material consumption per capita, tonne 56.8 60.5  
Domestic material consumption per GDP, kg/million.tugrug 7498.1 7887.0  
84 12.b.1. (7)Whether or not sustainable tourism strategies or policies and action plans are implemented (yes-1, no-2) 1 1 1
  Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts  
85 13.1.1 Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 population 41.3 53.1 39.0
86 13.1.2 (1)Number of countries that adopt and implement national disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, (yes-1, no-2) 1 1 1
87 13.2.1 (7)Whether or not the establishment or operationalization of an integrated policy/strategy/plan have communicated which increases their ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change, and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development in a manner that does not threaten food production (yes-1, no-2) 1 1 1
  Goal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss  
88 15.1.1 Forest area as a proportion of total land area 9.16 9.16  
89 15.1.2 (1)Proportion of important sites for terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity that are covered by protected areas 17.4 17.9 17.8
Proportion of forest land 30.8 30.8 36.8
Proportion of water source and surface water composition 44.7 44.7 44.8
Share of endangered and endangered biodiversity, historical and cultural heritage 80.0 80.0 80
90 15.3.1 Proportion of land that is degraded over total land area 6.12 4.47 2.2
91 15.а.1 (1)Official development assistance and public expenditure on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems, billion tugrug 67.7 54.1  
The amount of funds spent on forestation, forest rehabilitation and sustainable forest management, billion tugrug 5.6 2.8  
92 15.b.1 (1)The amount of funds spent on afforestation, forest rehabilitation and sustainable forest management, billion tugrug 5.6 2.8 5.8
The amount of funds spent on forestation, forest rehabilitation and sustainable forest management, billion tugrug 5.6 2.8  
  Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels  
93 16.1.1 Number of victims of intentional homicide per 100,000 population 6 5 6.2
94 16.1.2 Conflict-related deaths per 100,000 population 0 0 0
95 16.1.3 Proportion of population subjected to physical, psychological or sexual violence in the previous 12 months - 0.04  
96 16.2.1 Proportion of children aged 1–17 years who experienced any physical punishment and/or psychological aggression by caregivers in the past month - 0.01  
97 16.2.2 Number of victims of human trafficking per 100,000 population 0.3 0.2 0.3
98 16.5.1 (5)Proportion of the people observing corruption in public administration during the last 12 months 17.9 20.2 14.6
99 16.6.1 Primary government expenditures as a proportion of original approved budget 94.7 95.0 95.0
100 16.6.2 (5)Proportion of the population satisfied with the last service provided by the public service  27.0 28.1 28.10
101 16.7.1 (6)Proportions of positions in public institutions, by sex, age      
Proportions of civil servants in public institutions, by sex       
Proportion of women in total civil servants  59.4 60.0 59.9
Proportion of women in political positions  23.6 23.4 22.5
Proportion of women in public administration  58.0 58.9 59.2
Proportion of women in special service 26.0 27.0 25.2
Proportion of women in support service 69.8 70.3 70.8
Proportion of men in total civil servants  40.6 40.1 40.1
Proportion of men in political positions  76.4 76.6 77.5
Proportion of men in public administration  42.0 41.1 40.8
Proportion of men in special service 74.0 73.1 74.8
Proportion of men in support service 30.2 29.7 29.2
Proportions of civil servants in public institutions, by age 100.0 100.0 100.0
Proportions of political positions, by age 100.0 100.0 100.0
20-30 16.2 18.2 11.0
31-40 26.5 29.0 30.5
41-50 36.8 34.9 35.0
51-60 18.6 16.2 20.4
60+ 1.9 1.7 3.1
Proportions of public administration, by age 100.0 100.0 100.0
20-30 30.2 27.1 17.8
31-40 33.3 35.9 39.5
41-50 22.6 22.8 23.7
51-60 13.6 14.0 17.8
60+ 0.3 0.3 1.2
Proportions of special service, by age 100.0 100.0 100.0
20-30 39.2 32.7 26.7
31-40 37.2 38.1 40.0
41-50 13.8 15.2 23.1
51-60 9.1 12.7 9.3
60+ 0.7 1.4 0.9
Proportions of support service, by age  100.0 100.0 100.0
20-30 25.4 25.0 18.4
31-40 28.7 29.1 29.9
41-50 30.1 30.1 30.2
51-60 15.0 15.0 19.8
60+ 0.8 0.8 1.7
102 16.10.1 Number of verified cases of killing, kidnapping, enforced disappearance, arbitrary detention and torture of journalists, associated media personnel, trade unionists and human rights advocates in the previous 12 months 0 0 0
103 16.10.2 (7)Whether or not Mongolia adopts and implement constitutional, statutory and/or policy guarantees for public access to information 1 1 1
104 16.a.1 (7)Existence of independent national human rights institutions in compliance with the Paris Principles, (yes-1, no-2) 1 1 1
  Goal 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development  
105 17.1.1 Total government revenue as a proportion of GDP 16.6 16.1 21.5
106 17.3.1 Foreign direct investments, official development assistance as a proportion of total domestic budget 11.7 26.8 65.8
107 17.3.2 Volume of remittances (in United States dollars) as a proportion of total GDP 2.7 2.7 2.3
108 17.4.1 Debt service as a proportion of exports of goods and services 30.0 30.1 23.3
109 17.8.1 Proportion of individuals using the Internet 82.0 87.8 94.0
110 17.11.1 (7)Mongolia's share of global exports 0.025 0.027  
111 17.18.2. (7)Whether or not national statistical legislation complies with the Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics (yes-1, no-2)  1 1 1
112 17.18.3. (7)Whether or not a national statistical plan is fully funded and under implementation (yes-1, no-2)  1 1 1
113 17.19.2. Whether or not at least one population and housing census has been conducted in the last 10 years (yes-1, no-2)        
a) at least one population and housing census has been conducted in the last 10 years 1 1 1
b) achieved 100 per cent birth registration and 80 per cent death registration 1 1 1
Note:  
1 Potentially disaggregated.
2 These indicators are provided by the Ministry of Finance
3 Result of experimental survey. 
4 The number of people who have been discriminated against, denounced, or denied to the National Human Rights Commission's office.
5 The result of the Household-based "Democratic Governance" survey. 
6 Substituted according to the Mongolian classification.
7 Indicated the indicators that are "number of countries", as Mongolia. 
8 Measured with persons responding to the Household Socio-Economic Survey that they did not work in the last 12 months (as per the short questionnaire for the survey)